ABSTRACT
Urological pathologies especially stricture urethra are a cause of significant morbidity and hence radiological evaluation of the same is of prime importance to determine the treatment protocol for each disease. A retrospective analysis of the conventional radiographic imaging findings of traumatic and nontraumatic lower urinary tract pathologies was done over a period of 5 years, and the case spectrum included urethral and bladder diverticulum, urethritis, posterior urethral valves, and fistulas (including urethra - perineal, rectourethral and vesicovaginal fistulas). The rarer nontraumatic pathologies were prostatic utricles, urethral polyps, bladder neck obstruction, hypospadias, anterior urethral valve, vesical calculus, etc., The traumatic case spectrum included cases of urethral injuries and intra/extraperitoneal bladder rupture. This pictorial assay reviews the need of retrograde urethrogram–micturating cystourethrogram for the evaluation of the anterior urethral, posterior urethral and bladder pathologies (traumatic and nontraumatic) and also describes each pathology with respect to etiology, diagnosis and imaging findings.
ABSTRACT
The three commonly used surfactants viz. anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cationic cetyl tri methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and non-ionic triton X-100 were toxic even at sub lethal levels (1 ppm for 30 days) to 0. mossambicus. Lysosomal stability index (LSI) was lowest in triton-exposed animals in vitro. In vivo, CTAB was the most toxic. SDS, the anionic surfactant was the least toxic. The possible role of surfactant structure, critical micellar concentration (CMC) and metabolism in influencing the toxicity is discussed and mechanism of action via membrane lipid peroxidation is suggested.